（本卷考试时间150分钟）
　　（英语专业）
　　
　　I.Define the following terms with examples:(24%)
　　 1. bound morphemes
　　 2. allophones
　　 3. hyponymy
　　 4. utterance-meaning
　　 5. overgeneralization
　　 6. blending (of word formation)
　　 7.linguistic competence
　　 8.macrosociolinguistics
　　
　　II. Judge if the following statements are true or false, If you think a certain statement is false, explain briefly why you think so:(36%)
　　( )1. The Cooperative principle proposed by the American philosopher P. Grice aims to explain how speakers perform acts with the utterances they make.
　　( )2. By saying “The soup is tasteless,” the speaker may be performing the illocutionary act of “requesting” in a certain situation.
　　( )3. A sentence which is grammatically well-formed necessarily makes sense semantically.
　　( )4. English is rich in synonyms mainly because it has numerous regional varieties such as American English, British English, and Canadian English, which often have different words to denote the same object.
　　( )5. Entailment is a semantic relation of inclusion; thus the statement “He is married”entails“He has a wife.”
　　( )6. Human beings are born with ability to acquire language; nevertheless, human language is culturally transmitted, i.e. it has to be taught and learned.
　　( )7. Aspiration is a universal phonological feature; therefore, it distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.
　　( )8. An important difference between semantics and pragmatics is that the former traditionally studies meaning as an inherent, abstract property of language itself while the latter studies meaning as something concrete, realized in the course of communication.
　　( )9. Pairs of antonyms such as dead and alive, man and woman are called complementary antonyms because the denial of one member of a pair results in the assertion of the other.
　　( )10. Sentences are considered grammatical if they are judged by native speakers, instead of grammarians, to be well-formed sentences.
　　( )11. Some languages change with time, while others are immune to linguistic change.
　　( )12. A regional variety of a language is intrinsically inferior to the standard variety of that language.
　　( )13. Sociolinguists are interested in “terms of address” because they offer some socio-cultural information about the type of relationship between the speaker and the hearer.
　　( )14. Linguistic variables are rule-governed and constrained by social variables.
　　( )15. The speaker's internalized system of rules refers to one's linguistic competence instead of linguistics performance or communicative competence.
　　( )16. In general, languages change in the direction of more complication and elaboration.
　　( )17. Pidgins differ from creoles in that pidgins are used as the primary language and acquired by children as their native language while creoles do not have native speakers.
　　( )18. Sociolinguistics is a sub-field of linguistics that studies language variation and language use in social context.
　　
　　III. Answer any FIVE of the following six questions:(40%)
　　 1. Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modern linguists tend to regard speech as primary. Why?
　　 2. (1)Complete the following descriptions of phonemes by filling in the missing feature;
　　 (i) [f]-voiceless, labiodental,__________________
　　 (ii) {}-voiced,nasal,_________________
　　 (iii) [t]-voiceless, affricate,________________
　　 (iv) [u:]-back,rounded,long,_______________
　　 (2) Identify the phoneme according to the features given:
　　 (i) voiced,dental,fricative-[ ]
　　 (ii) voiceless,velar,stop-[ ]
　　 (iii)palatal, voiced,glide-[ ]
　　 (iv) central,semi-close,tense-[ ]
　　 3. The notion of “context” is important in the study of pragmatics. Define the notion first, and then explain with examples why it is important.
　　 4. Different theories of child language acquisition have been advanced. Discuss two contrasting views with reference to the behaviorist and nativist models.
　　 5. It is widely recognized that language change is inevitable, constant, and universal, With examples, provide explanations for some major factors that trigger language change.
　　 6. According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life. How, in your view, does language relate to thought and culture.